SRTM 9. 0m Digital Elevation Database v. The SRTM digital elevation data, produced by NASA originally, is a major breakthrough in digital mapping of the world, and provides a major advance in the accessibility of high quality elevation data for large portions of the tropics and other areas of the developing world. Introduction. The SRTM digital elevation data provided on this site has been processed to fill data voids, and to facilitate it’s ease of use by a wide group of potential users. This data is provided in an effort to promote the use of geospatial science and applications for sustainable development and resource conservation in the developing world. Digital elevation models (DEM) for the entire globe, covering all of the countries of the world, are available for download on this site. The SRTM 9. 0m DEM’s have a resolution of 9. RESEARCH ARTICLE Performance Estimation of Aster Global DEM Depending upon the Terrain Inclination Umut Gunes Sefercik Received: 24 November 2011 /Accepted: 6 January. I have had many requests over the years to add a USGS topographic Map overlay without the map borders. This is a huge project and I have finally decided to move. Want to elevate your chances of finding a digital elevation model? Sure you do. You should dive into our list of free global DEM data sources. Learn about the many gridded elevation formats supported by Global Mapper GIS software. The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) is one of several discipline-specific data centers within the NASA Earth Observing System Data and. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) obtained elevation data on a near-global scale to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database. ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) is a Japanese sensor which is one of five remote sensory devices on board the Terra satellite. All are produced from a seamless dataset to allow easy mosaicing. These are available in both Arc. Info ASCII and Geo. Tiff format to facilitate their ease of use in a variety of image processing and GIS applications. Data can be downloaded using a browser or accessed directly from the ftp site. If you find this digital elevation data useful, please let us know at csi@cgiar. The NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) has provided digital elevation data (DEMs) for over 8. This data is currently distributed free of charge by USGS and is available for download from the National Map Seamless Data Distribution System, or the USGS ftp site. The SRTM data is available as 3 arc second (approx. DEMs. A 1 arc second data product was also produced, but is not available for all countries. The vertical error of the DEM’s is reported to be less than 1. The data currently being distributed by NASA/USGS (finished product) contains “no- data” holes where water or heavy shadow prevented the quantification of elevation. These are generally small holes, which nevertheless render the data less useful, especially in fields of hydrological modeling. Andy Jarvis and Edward Guevara of the CIAT Agroecosystems Resilience project, Hannes Isaak Reuter (JRC- IES- LMNH) and Andy Nelson (JRC- IES- GEM) have further processed the original DEMs to fill in these no- data voids. This involved the production of vector contours and points, and the re- interpolation of these derived contours back into a raster DEM. These interpolated DEM values are then used to fill in the original no- data holes within the SRTM data. These processes were implemented using Arc/Info and an AML script. The DEM files have been mosaiced into a seamless near- global coverage (up to 6. WGS8. 4 datum. These files are available for download in both Arc- Info ASCII format, and as Geo. Tiff, for easy use in most GIS and Remote Sensing software appications. In addition, a binary Data Mask file is available for download, allowing users to identify the areas within each DEM which has been interpolated. Methodology. The first release of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data was provided in 1- degree digital elevation model (DEM) tiles from the USGS ftp server (ftp: //e. The data was released continent by continent, as and when the data was processed by NASA and the USGS. For the United States, data was made available at 1- arc second resolution (approximately 3. SRTM elevation data has now been released for the entire terrestrial surface, and a “Finished” product has now been released (ftp: //e. SRTM3/). In this web site, the Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIAR- CSI) of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) is offering post- processed 3- arc second DEM data for the globe. The original SRTM data has been subjected to a number of processing steps to provide seamless and complete elevational surfaces for the globe. In its original release, SRTM data contained regions of no- data, specifically over water bodies (lakes and rivers), and in areas where insufficient textural detail was available in the original radar images to produce three- dimensional elevational data. There are a total of 3,4. Nepal they constitute 9. No- data regions due to insufficient textural detail were especially found in mountainous regions (Himalayas and Andes, for example), or desertic regions (e. Sahara). The existence of no- data regions in a DEM cause significant problems in using SRTM DEMs, especially in the application of hydrological models which require continuous flow surfaces. For the CGIAR- CSI SRTM data product we apply a hole- filling algorithm to provide continuous elevational surfaces. The data is projected in a Geographic (Lat/Long) projection, with the WGS8. EGM9. 6 vertical datum. We follow the method described by Reuter et al. The first processing stage involves importing and merging the 1- degree tiles into continuous elevational surfaces in Arc. GRID format. The second process fills small holes iteratively, and the cleaning of the surface to reduce pits and peaks. The third stage then interpolates through the holes using a range of methods. The method used is based on the size of the hole, and the landform that surrounds it. The processing is made using Arc/Info AML model. Specifically: The original SRTM DEM (finished grade data downloaded fromftp: //e. SRTM3/ is used to produce contours or points (depending on the interpolation methodology to be used for the void). Processing was made on a void by void basis. In cases when a higher resolution auxiliary DEM was available, a point coverage is produced of the elevation values at the centre of each cell of the auxiliary DEM within void areas. When no high resolution auxiliary DEM is available, the 3. SRTM3. 0 DEM is used as an auxiliary for large voids. For areas with a high resolution auxiliary DEM: The contours and points surrounding the hole and inside the hole are interpolated to produce a hydrologically sound DEM using the TOPOGRID algorithm in Arc/Info. TOPOGRID is based upon the established algorithms of Hutchinson (1. DEMs. This process interpolates through the no- data holes, producing a smooth elevational surface where no data was originally found. Drainage enforcement is activated, and the tolerances set at 5 for “tolerance 1”, representing the density and accuracy of input topographic data, and a horizontal standard error of 1m and vertical standard error of 0m. For areas without a high resolution auxiliary DEM: The most appropriate interpolation technique is selected based on void size and landform typology, and applied on the data immediately surrounding the hole, using SRTM3. The best interpolations methods can be generalised as: Kriging or Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation for small and medium size voids in relatively flat low- lying areas; Spline interpolation for small and medium sized voids in high altitude and dissected terrain; Triangular Irregular Network or Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation for large voids in very flat areas, and an advanced Spline Method (ANUDEM) for large voids in other terrains. The interpolated DEM for the no- data regions is then merged with the original DEM to provide continuous elevational surfaces without no- data regions. This entire process is performed for tiles with large overlap with neighbouring tiles, thus ensuring seamless and smooth transitions in topography in large void areas. The resultant seamless dataset is then clipped along coastlines using the Shorelines and Water Bodies Database (SWBD). This dataset is very detailed along shorelines, and contains all small islands. More information about this dataset is available in USGS (2. Auxiliary DEMs were available from the following sources: The original SRTM DEM (finished grade data downloaded from ftp: //e. SRTM3/ is used to produce contours or points (depending on the interpolation methodology to be used for the void). Processing was made on a void by void basis. In cases when a higher resolution auxiliary DEM was available, a point coverage is produced of the elevation values at the centre of each cell of the auxiliary DEM within void areas. When no high resolution auxiliary DEM is available, the 3. SRTM3. 0 DEM is used as an auxiliary for large voids. For areas with a high resolution auxiliary DEM: The contours and points surrounding the hole and inside the hole are interpolated to produce a hydrologically sound DEM using the TOPOGRID algorithm in Arc/Info. TOPOGRID is based upon the established algorithms of Hutchinson (1. DEMs. This process interpolates through the no- data holes, producing a smooth elevational surface where no data was originally found. Drainage enforcement is activated, and the tolerances set at 5 for “tolerance 1”, representing the density and accuracy of input topographic data, and a horizontal standard error of 1m and vertical standard error of 0m. For areas without a high resolution auxiliary DEM: The most appropriate interpolation technique is selected based on void size and landform typology, and applied on the data immediately surrounding the hole, using SRTM3. The best interpolations methods can be generalised as: Kriging or Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation for small and medium size voids in relatively flat low- lying areas; Spline interpolation for small and medium sized voids in high altitude and dissected terrain; Triangular Irregular Network or Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation for large voids in very flat areas, and an advanced Spline Method (ANUDEM) for large voids in other terrains. This dataset is very detailed along shorelines, and contains all small islands. More information about this dataset is available in USGS (2.
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JAWABAN Dalam masalah ibadah, menetapkan suatu amalan bahwa itu adalah disyariatkan (wajib maupun sunnah) terbatas pada adanya dalil dari Al- Qur`an maupun As- sunnah yang shahih menjelaskannya. Kalau tidak ada dalil yang benar, hal itu tergolong membuat perkara baru dalam agama (bid’ah), yang terlarang dalam syariat Islam sebagaimana dalam hadits Aisyah riwayat Bukhary- Muslim, مَنْ أَحْدَثَ فِيْ أَمْرِنَا هَذَا مَا لَيْسَ مِنْهُ فَهُوَ رَد ٌّ. Siapa yang yang mengadakan hal baru dalam perkara kami ini (dalam Agama- pent.) apa yang sebenarnya bukan dari perkara maka hal itu tertolak.” Dan dalam riwayat Muslim, “Siapa yang berbuat satu amalan yang tidak di atas perkara kami maka ia (amalan) tertolak.” Hal ini hendaknya dijadikan sebagai kaidah pokok oleh setiap muslim dalam menilai suatu perkara yang disandarkan kepada agama. Setelah mengetahui hal ini, kami akan berusaha menguraikan pendapat- pendapat para ulama dalam masalah ini. Uraian Pendapat Para Ulama Ada tiga pendapat di kalangan ulama tentang disyariatkan atau tidaknya qunut Shubuh. Pendapat pertama , qunut shubuh disunnahkan secara terus- menerus. Ini adalah pendapat Malik, Ibnu Abi Laila, Al- Hasan bin Shalih, dan Imam Syafi ’iy. Pendapat kedua , qunut shubuh tidak disyariatkan karena sudah mansukh ‘ terhapus hukumnya’. Ini adalah pendapat Abu Hanifah, Sufyan Ats- Tsaury, dan lain- lainnya dari ulama Kufah. Pendapat ketiga , q unut pada shalat shubuh tidaklah disyariatkan kecuali pada qunut nazilah yang boleh dilakukan pada shalat shubuh dan pada shalat- shalat lainnya. Statistical Techniques | Statistical Mechanics. Ini adalah pendapat Imam Ahmad, Al- Laits bin Sa’d, Yahya bin Yahya Al- Laitsy, dan ahli fiqih dari para ulama Ahlul Hadits. Dalil terkuat yang dipakai oleh para ulama, yang menganggap qunut subuh itu sunnah, adalah hadits berikut ini. Terus- menerus Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa alihi wa sallam qunut pada shalat Shubuh sampai beliau meninggalkan dunia.” Dikeluarkan oleh ‘Abdurrazzaq dalam Al- Mushannaf 3/1. Ahmad 3/1. 62, Ath- Thahawy dalam Syarh Ma’ani Al Atsar 1/2. Ibnu Syahin dalam Nasikhul Hadits Wa Mansukhih no. Al- Hakim dalam Al- Arba’in sebagaimana dalam Nashbur Rayah 2/1. 2014年2月 代理店一覧に、有限会社白馬ヤマトヤが追加されました。 詳しくはこちら 2013年12月 西尾家具工芸社ショールーム. The phrase Asma ul Husna, made up of the word asma, the plural for "name", and husna, meaning beautiful or most beautiful, means "Allah's. Assalamu ‘alaykum. Ana mohon izin untuk meng-share tulisan-tulisan dalam situs ini untuk diposting di blog ana (sumber tulisan akan dicantumkan).Al- Baihaqy 2/2. 01 dan dalam Ash- Shugra ` 1/2. Al- Baghawy dalam Syarhus Sunnah 3/1. Ad- Daraquthny dalam Sunan - nya 2/3. Al- Maqdasy dalam Al- Mukhtarah 6/1. Ibnul Jauzy dalam At- Tahqiq no. Al- ‘Ilal Al- Mutanahiyah no. Al- Khatib Al- Baghdady dalam Mudhih Auwan Al- Jama’ Wa At- Tafriq 2/2. Al- Qunut sebagaimana dalam At- Tahqiq 1/4. Semuanya dari jalan Abu Ja’far Ar- Razy, dari Ar- Rabi’ bin Anas, dari Anas bin Malik. Hadits ini dishahihkan oleh Muhammad bin ‘Ali Al- Balkhy dan Al- Hakim sebagaimana dalam Khulashatul Badrul Munir 1/1. Imam Al- Baihaqy. Namun Imam Ibnu Turkumany dalam Al- Jauhar An- Naqy berkata, “Bagaimana bisa sanadnya menjadi shahih sedangkan rawi yang meriwayatkannya dari Ar- Rabi’ bin Anas adalah Abu Ja’far ‘Isa bin Mahan Ar- Razy mutakallamun fihi (dikritik)?” Berkata Ibnu Hambal dan An- Nasa`i, “Laisa bil qawy (bukan orang yang kuat).” Berkata Abu Zur’ah, “Yahimu katsiran (Banyak salahnya).” Berkata Al- Fallas, “Sayyi`ul hifzh (Jelek hafalannya).” Berkata pula Ibnu Hibban, “Dia bercerita dari rawi- rawi yang (membuat) masyhur hal- hal yang mungkar.” Ibnul Qayyim, dalam Zadul Ma’ad jilid I hal. Ibnu Taimiyah, tentang salah satu bentuk hadits mungkar yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu Ja’far Ar- Razy, berkata, “Dan yang dimaksudkan bahwa Abu Ja’far Ar- Razy adalah orang yang memiliki hadits- hadits yang mungkar, sama sekali tidak dipakai berhujjah oleh seorang pun dari para ahli hadits periwayatan haditsnya yang ia bersendirian dengannya.” Bagi siapa yang membaca keterangan para ulama tentang Abu Ja’far Ar- Razy ini, akan melihat bahwa kritikan terhadap Abu Ja’far ini adalah jarh mufassar ‘ kritikan yang jelas menerangkan penyebab kelemahan seorang rawi’. Maka apa yang disimpulkan oleh Ibnu Hajar dalam Taqribut Tahdzib sudah sangat tepat. Beliau berkata, “Shaduqun sayyi`ul hifzh khusushan ‘anil Mughirah ‘ jujur tapi jelek hafalannya, terlebih lagi riwayatnya dari Mughirah’.” Maka Abu Ja’far ini lemah haditsnya dan hadits qunut subuh yang ia riwayatkan ini adalah hadits yang lemah bahkan mungkar. Dihukuminya hadits ini sebagai hadits yang mungkar karena 2 sebab: Pertama , makna yang ditunjukkan oleh hadits ini bertentangan dengan hadits shahih yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa alihi wa sallam tidak melakukan qunut kecuali qunut nazilah, sebagaimana dalam hadits Anas bin Malik,أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَ لاَ يَقْنُتُ إِلاَّ إِذَا دَعَا لِقَوْمٍ أَوْ عَلَى قَوْمٍ “Sesungguhnya Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa alihi wa sallam tidak melakukan qunut kecuali bila beliau berdoa untuk (kebaikan) suatu kaum atau berdoa (kejelekan atas suatu kaum).” Dikeluarkan oleh Ibnu Khuzaimah 1/3. Ibnul Jauzi dalam At- Tahqiq 1/4. Syaikh Al- Albany dalam Ash- Shahihah no. Kedua , adanya perbedaan lafazh dalam riwayat Abu Ja’far Ar- Razy ini sehingga menyebabkan adanya perbedaan dalam memetik hukum dari perbedaan lafazh tersebut dan menunjukkan kelemahan dan ketidaktetapan Abu Ja’far Ar- Razy dalam periwayatan. Kadang ia meriwayatkan dengan lafazh yang disebut di atas dan kadang meriwayatkan dengan lafazh, أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَنَتَ فٍي الْفَجْرِ “Sesungguhnya Nabi shallahu ‘alahi wa alihi wa sallam qunut pada shalat Subuh.” Hadits ini diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Abi Syaibah dalam Al- Mushannaf 2/1. Darut Taj) dan disebutkan pula oleh Imam Al Maqdasy dalam Al- Mukhtarah 6/1. Kemudian sebagian para ulama Syafi’iyah menyebutkan bahwa hadits ini mempunyai beberapa jalan lain yang menguatkan hadits tersebut, maka mari kita melihat jalan- jalan tersebut. Jalan Pertama , dari jalan Al- Hasan Al- Bashry, dari Anas bin Malik, beliau berkata, قَنَتَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ صَلَّى الله ُعَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَبُوْ بَكْرٍ وَعُمْرَ وَعُثْمَانَ وَأَحْسِبُهُ وَرَابِعٌ حَتَّى فَارَقْتُهُمْ “Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa alihi wa sallam, Abu Bakar, ‘Umar dan ‘Utsman, dan saya (perawi) menyangka “dan keempat” sampai saya berpisah dengan mereka”. Hadits ini diriwayatkan dari Al- Hasan oleh dua rawi, Pertama , ‘Amru bin ‘Ubaid. Dikeluarkan oleh Ath- Thahawy dalam Syarh Ma’ani Al- Atsar 1/2. Ad- Daraquthny 2/4. Al- Baihaqy 2/2. 02, Al- Khatib dalam Al- Qunut dan dari jalan Al- Khatib, Ibnul Jauzy meriwayatkannya dalam At- Tahqiq no. Adz- Dzahaby dalam Tadzkirah Al- Huffazh 2/4. Dia adalah gembong kelompok sesat Mu’tazilah dan, dalam periwayatan hadits, dianggap sebagai rawi yang matrukul hadits ‘ ditinggalkan haditsnya’. Kedua , Isma’il bin Muslim Al Makky, dikeluarkan oleh Ad- Daraquthny dan Al- Baihaqy. Dia dianggap matrukul hadits oleh banyak imam (baca Tahdzibut Tahdzib ). Catatan Berkata Al- Hasan bin Sufyan dalam Musnad - nya, “Menceritakan kepada kami Ja’far bin Mihran, (ia berkata) menceritakan kepada kami ‘Abdul Warits bin Sa’id, (ia berkata) menceritakan kepada kami Auf, dari Al- Hasan, dari Anas, beliau berkata,صَلَّيْتُ مَعَ رَسُوْلِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَقْنُتُ فِيْ صَلاَةِ الْغَدَاةِ حَتَّى فَارَقْتُهُ “Saya shalat bersama Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa alihi wa sallam maka beliau terus- menerus qunut pada shalat Subuh sampai saya berpisah dengan beliau.” .” Riwayat ini merupakan kekeliruan dari Ja’far bin Mihran sebagaimana yang dikatakan oleh Imam Adz- Dzahaby dalam Mizanul I’tidal 1/4. Abdul Warits tidak meriwayatkan dari Auf, tetapi dari ‘Amru bin ‘Ubaid sebagaimana dalam riwayat Abu ‘Umar Al Haudhy dan Abu Ma’mar - dan beliau(?) ini adalah orang yang paling kuat riwayatnya dari ‘Abdul Warits- . Jalan kedua , dari jalan Khalid bin Da’laj, dari Qatadah, dari Anas bin Malik, صَلَّيْتُ خَلْفَ رَسُوْلِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَخَلْفَ عُمَرَ فَقَنَتَ وَخَلْفَ عُثْمَانَ فَقَنَتَ “Saya shalat di belakang Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa alihi wa sallam lalu beliau qunut, dan di belakang ‘Umar lalu beliau qunut, dan di belakang ‘Utsman lalu beliau qunut.” Dikeluarkan oleh Al Baihaqy 2/2. Ibnu Syahin dalam Nasikhul Hadits Wa Mansukhih no. Hadits di atas disebutkan oleh Al Baihaqy sebagai pendukung untuk hadits Abu Ja’far Ar- Razy, tetapi Ibnu Turkumany, dalam Al- Jauhar An- Naqy , menyalahkan hal tersebut dengan berkata, “Butuh dilihat keadaan Khalid, apakah bisa dipakai sebagai syahid (pendukung) atau tidak, karena Ibnu Hambal, Ibnu Ma’in dan Ad- Daraquthny melemahkannya dan Ibnu Ma’in berkata (di kesempatan lain), ‘ Laisa bi syay`in ‘ tidak dianggap’,’ dan An- Nasa`i berkata, ‘ Laisa bi tsiqah ‘ bukan tsiqah’.’ Dan tidak seorang pun dari pengarang Kutubus Sittah yang mengeluarkan haditsnya. Dan dalam Al- Mizan, Ad Daraquthny mengategorikannya ke dalam rawi- rawi yang matruk. Kemudian yang aneh, di dalam hadits Anas yang lalu, perkataannya, ‘ Terus- menerus beliau qunut pada shalat Subuh hingga beliau meninggalkan dunia,’ tidak terdapat dalam hadits Khalid. Yang ada hanyalah ‘ Beliau (Nabi) ‘alaihis salam qunut,’ dan ini adalah perkara yang ma’ruf ‘ dikenal ‘ . Dan yang aneh hanyalah (perkataan) ‘ terus- menerus melakukannya sampai meninggal dunia’. Maka, terlepas dari anggapan dia yang cocok sebagai pendukung, bagaimana haditsnya bisa dijadikan sebagai syahid (pendukung)?” Jalan ketiga , dari jalan Ahmad bin Muhammad, dari Dinar bin ‘Abdillah, dari Anas bin Malik, مَا زَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقْنُتُ فِيْ صَلاَةِ الْصُبْحِ حَتَّى مَاتَ “Terus- menerus Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa alihi wa sallam qunut pada shalat Subuh sampai beliau meninggal.” Dikeluarkan oleh Al- Khatib dalam Al- Qunut , dan dari jalan Al- Khatib, Ibnul Jauzy meriwayatkannya dalam At- Tahqiq no. Personalize any Barbie or other doll with its own unique crochet clothing. Here are ten free crochet doll clothes patterns to get you started. Free Doll Dress Crochet Pattern. Size: For 16-in fashion dolls by Tonner. Materials: 100% cotton crochet yarn #10 white and variegated - 1 ball each. 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Collins German Dictionary AppSolar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance. Take away ideas and understandings: Solar energy and gravitational energy are the fundamental sources of. Earth's climate system. In the ideal case (referred. This "give and take" of energy leads to a state of equilibrium. The energy radiated. Maximum energy is radiated at a wavelength. The total (integral over all wavelengths) energy. The energy flux radiating from a point source falls. This is why light dims fast. Using these fundamental laws and knowing the Sun's. Columbia Law School shapes the legal profession’s future leaders. We prepare our students for professional roles in a broad range of areas, including academia. ©2017 Columbia University | 420 W. 118th Street, MC 3308, New York, NY 10027 | 2 | [email protected]. Columbia University Video Lectures, Online Course videos, Columbia University Online Classes, free Online Columbia University Lectures, Online Education courses. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Teaching Center 302 Philosophy Hall • 212-854-1066 • [email protected] The Do’s and Don’t’s of Effective Lectures. LL.M. Program. A Columbia Law School education prepares students for leadership roles—in academia, the judiciary, business and corporate practice, public service. President Bollinger recently announced that Columbia University along with many other academic institutions (sixteen, including all Ivy League universities) filed an. This is the temperature. The Earth and other. The ratio between the reflected and the incoming energies. Inaugurated in 1971 and sponsored by the Offices of the President and Provost, the University Lecture is a semiannual address given by an outstanding member of the. The Columbia University MFA Writing Program is highly regarded for its rigorous approach to literary instruction and for its faculty of acclaimed writers and editors. St. Paul’s Chapel, with its wonderful acoustics, is a landmark treasure of Columbia University. One of the finest architectural spaces on campus, it is an ideal. Because of its spherical shape incoming. At each instant. only the sun lights only. The total daily radiation. Thus the Earth's surface should. However, …The. Earth's axis of rotation tilts at a 2. This is the reason for the seasons. During. solstice, the pole pointing to the sun and the surrounding area receive. This has the potential for making the poles. Polar Regions. Introduction. In the narrow sense of the word, Climate is the average or typical state. Its description. includes the average of such variables as temperature, humidity, windiness. In the broadest sense however. Earth's habitable environment consisting of the. The atmosphere, the fast responding medium which surrounds us and immediately. The hydrosphere, including the oceans and all other reservoirs of water. CO2, and particles, such as. The land masses, which affect the flow of atmosphere and oceans through. The cryosphere, or the ice component of the climate system, whether. Earth. radiation balance and in determining the properties of the deep ocean. The biota - all forms of life - that through respiration and other chemical. In our generation climate is receiving unprecedented attention due to the. Earth during the past couple hundred years. These changes could well affect our health, comfort levels, and ability to grow. This course introduces the climate system and the processes that determine. Our goal is to explain the properties. The course will also provide a basis for further, more advanced study of. The Climate. System course is mainly concerned with the properties of atmosphere and hydrosphere. Attention to the solid and. Solid Earth and Life are dealt with in much more details in two separate. EES umbrella. Within the climate system the atmosphere plays the role of the efficient. The atmosphere is capable of quickly moving and distributing. The atmosphere directly affects life. Earth by supplying the gases for the respiration of vegetation and animals. The atmosphere also shelters life on Earth from the extreme. The oceans are. most important because of their tremendous heat storage potential and their. The composition and motion. The exchange of gases and heat between oceans and atmosphere determines the. We begin this course in a study of solar radiation, the primary energy source for Earth and. We examine the properties of the Sun. Sun to the Earth. We then study in detail the transformation of this solar. Earth and gain first appreciation on how this energy shapes the. Earth's climate. Review: What is energy? The Earth Radiation Budget Part 1: Energy from the Sun. The energy that drives the climate system comes from the Sun. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth it is partially absorbed in different. The absorbed energy is converted back. Earth to warm up and makes it habitable. Solar radiation absorption is uneven in both space and time and this gives. To understand. the complex patterns of Earth's radiative heating we begin by exploring the. Earth and the Sun throughout the year, learn about the. Earth as a whole. We examine the relationship between solar radiation and the Earth's temperature. We complement this lecture by a set of two laboratory. Earth radiation budget as they are revealed through. Earth. The Sun and its energy. The Sun is the star located at the center of our planetary system. It is. composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. In the Sun's interior, a thermonuclear. The energy created by the fusion reaction is converted. Sun to levels that are about twenty times larger that of the Earth's. The solar heat energy travels through space in the form of electromagnetic. Review: electromagnetic waves. Solar radiation occurs over a wide range of wavelengths. However, the energy of solar radiation is not divided evenly over all wavelengths. Figure. 1 shows, is rather sharply centered on the wavelength band of 0. As can be seen from Figure. IR, 0. 7- 1. 00 μm). The physics of radiative heat transfer. Before proceeding to investigate the effect of solar radiation on Earth. In particular we should understand the following. The radiative heat transfer process is independent of the presence of. It can move heat even through empty space. All bodies emit radiation and the wavelength (or frequency) and. The energy flux drops as the square of distance from the. Radiation goes through a transformation when it encounters other objects. That transformation depends on the physical properties. To read more about these points go to radiative. Radiation transfer from Sun to Earth. Properties of Solar radiation: The Sun is located. Solar System, at a distance of about 1. Earth. With a surface temperature of 5. K (degrees Kelvin = degrees C +. Sun is approximately 6. W/m. 2 (Do you know what. Check the link. to radiative heat transfer.) This radiative flux maximizes at a wavelength. Solar radiation on Earth: As the Sun's energy spreads. However the energy flux drops monotonically. Sun. Thus, when the radiation reaches. Earth's atmosphere, several hundred kilometers over. W/m. 2 (Can. you calculate this number from the flux at the surface of the Sun and the. Earth? Can you figure out the flux. Pluto, which is 3. Earth?). Effect of orbit's shape: The radiation at. Earth spins around the Sun. This is because the Earth's orbit is. Sun located in one of the foci of. The Earth is closer to the sun at one time of year (a point. The time- of- year when. Earth is at perihelion moves continuously around the calendar year. At present perihelion occurs in the middle. Northern. Hemisphere winter. The annual average radiative solar flux at the top of. Earth's atmosphere (=1. W/m. 2) is sometimes referred to. Solar Constant because it has changed by no more. Earth (last few hundred. There are however important variations in this flux over longer. Earth glaciation cycles are attributed. Effect of Earth's spherical shape: If the Earth. However, the Earth is a sphere and aside from the. Figure. 5). The tilt of the Earth's axis and the seasons: If. Earth was perpendicular to the plane of its orbit (and the direction. However, as seen in Figure. Earth axis tilts at an angle of 2. Once a year, on the Summer Solstice (on or about. June), the North Pole points directly towards the Sun and the. South Pole is entirely hidden from the incoming radiation. Half a year from. Winter Solstice (on or about the 2. December) the North. Pole points away from the Sun and does not receive any sunlight while the. South Pole receives 2. During Solstices, incoming. Earth surface on either the latitude. Cancer or the latitude of Capricorn,2. Northern Hemisphere, respectively. During the spring and fall (on the Equinox. March and 2. 3rd of September) the Earth's axis tilts in. Sun and both Polar Regions get the same amount of light. At that time. the radiation is largest at the true equator. Averaged over a full 2. Figure. 7. Note that the figure combines the effect of the change in incidence. At the poles, during solstice, the earth is either exposed. Sun throughout the entire day. This is why the poles get no incoming radiation. The Earth Radiation Budget Part 2: Energy from Earth and Earth's temperature. The Earth's albedo. The Earth's surface reflects (that is, returns the radiation back to space. This is what. makes the part of the Earth lit by the. The most obvious aspect of Figure 8 is the brightness. Earth's cloud cover. A significant part of the Earth's reflectivity. Earth's climate). In climate texts the reflectivity of a planet is. The albedo of Earth depends on the geographical. Figure 7 which has higher albedo, the land or the ocean?). On the average however, the Earth's albedo is about 0. This fraction of incoming radiation is reflected back into space. The other. 0. 7 part of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by our planet. Effective temperature. By absorbing the incoming solar radiation, the Earth warms up, like a black. If the Earth. would have had no atmosphere or ocean, as. All heated objects must emit electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is. As long as the incoming radiative. This in turn will result in. Stefan- Boltzman. At some point the object will emit as much radiation as the amount incoming. Using what we have learned about radiative heat transfer and some geometric. Here is how we do that. Sun: First let us denote the solar radiative flux at the top of the planets atmosphere. So (for solar constant) and the albedo of. Then let us figure out the total amount of radiation absorbed by the planet. To overcome the difficulty posed by the fact that the planets are spherical. If the planet's radius. R the area of that disk is πR2. Thus: heat absorbed by planet = (1 - a) πR2. So. The total heat radiated from the planet is equal to the energy flux implied. Te(from the Stefan- Boltzman law) times the entire surface. R2) σT4. In radiative balance we thus have. R2 ) σTe. 4 =. (1 - a) πR2. So. Solving this equation for temperature we obtain. Te = [(1- Aa)So / 4σ] 1/4. We have added a subscript e to the temperature to emphasize. It is referred to as the effective temperature of. According to this calculation, the effective temperature of Earth. K (or - 1. 8 °C). With this temperature the Earth radiation will be. IR) radiation. Because of the spectral properties of the Sun and Earth radiation we tend. The greenhouse effect. The effective temperature of Earth is much lower than what we experience. Averaged over all seasons and the entire Earth, the surface temperature. K (or 1. 5°C). This difference. This effect is known as.
HBO's official website contains schedule information, original video content, episode guides, polls, bulletin boards, and more! · · Lyrics: "On The Hotline" [chorus:] It's 5 in the mornin' And I'm up havin' phone sex with you, you (so horny, so horny) And now I'm on the hotline Over. Ivanka Trump bares her legs in a floral dress in DCIvanka Trump embraced the Washington, D. C. heat and bared her legs in a breezy dress as she stepped out of her home on Thursday morning. The 3. 5- year- old smiled as she walked out the side gate of her residence in a $1. While Ivanka was undoubtedly turning heads in her ladylike ensemble, her Secret Service agents were dealing with a fender bender outside of her home. Ivanka Trump was photographed leaving her Washington, D. C. home on Thursday morning. The 3. 5- year- old donned a $1. Early Thursday morning, Ivanka's father, President Trump, railed against his Justice Department's decision to appoint a special counsel to investigate Russia meddling in the 2. With all the illegal acts that took place in the Clinton campaign & Obama Administration, there was never a special councel appointed!' the president tweeted, misspelling the word 'counsel.''This is the single greatest witch hunt of a politician in American history!' he added. Despite her father's growing political woes, Ivanka looked positively chipper as she left her home for the day. Two Secret Service SUVs were involved in a minor fender bender outside of her home. The First Daughter held her white tote in her hand as she headed out the side gate The First Daughter exited the side gate of her home with a smile on her face and her handbag in her hand. Ivanka's long blond hair was smoothly blown out and loose around her shoulders, and she accessorized her white, pink, and blue, floral patterned dress with stud earrings and sunglasses. The night before, Ivanka hosted a bipartisan roundtable on human trafficking with congressional leaders in the Roosevelt Room in the White House. While the White House was in the throws of scandal, Ivanka remained, calm, cool, and collected as she hosted leaders from both parties, including the Republican senator who gave her dad one of the strongest rebukes in the aftermath of the classified Russian leak report. The White House press pool was briefly allowed in, as Ivanka portrayed trafficking as a growing American and global problem. Ivanka's long blond hair was smoothly blown out and loose around her shoulders, and she accessorized her patterned dress with stud earrings and sunglasses. Ivanka's father, President Donald Trump, is embroiled in controversy, as the Justice Department appointed former FBI Director Robert Mueller as special counsel to oversee the investigation into Russia meddling in the 2. Earlier Thursday morning, Trump, took to Twitter to rail against the Justice Department. The president called it the 'single greatest witch hunt' in American history 'Combating human trafficking and modern slavery is both a moral and strategic interest domestically and abroad,' she said.'In 2. National Human Trafficking hotline — a 3. This was the second White House meeting Ivanka Trump attended on the issue, previously organizing a listening session in late February on the topic that she attended alongside her father, President Trump. Since then, she told attendees, she has been conducting interagency meetings, as well as gathering recommendations from the academic, public and private sector.'Thanks to Congress and government agencies, we have a robust bipartisan framework which will encourage cooperation and information- gathering,' she told those gathered in the Roosevelt Room on Wednesday. Ivanka hosted a meeting on human trafficking with congressional leaders in the Roosevelt Room in the White House on Wednesday. House Majority Leader Kevin Mc. Carthy of California is pictured listening to Ivanka speak during the morning meeting Ivanka looked poised as she addressed congressional leaders about human trafficking being a growing American and global problem. Ivanka was also smiling from ear to ear on Wednesday morning as she left her house ahead of her White House meeting. Although she is often spotted wearing breezy floral frocks like the one she donned today, Ivanka opted for a pale blue long sleeve top and $8. D. C.'s soaring temperatures that reached 9. The mother- of- three's lips were pursed when she first walked out the front door of her home, but as soon as she reached the stairs, she flashed a megawatt smile for the photographers waiting for her outside. Her husband, Jared Kushner, was also grinning from ear to ear as he left their home on Wednesday morning despite reports that his father- in- law had turned on him. According to a New York Times report, the president has become 'sour and dark' and has turned against his staff, including son- in- law and senior adviser Jared, after the revelation that he shared top secret information with high ranking Russian officials. Ivanka flashed her megawatt smile as she stepped out of her Washington, D. C. home on Wednesday morning. The mother- of- three donned a pale blue top and wide- leg pants despite the rising temperatures that reached 9. Ivanka didn't look quite as happy when she first stepped out her front door'His own mood, according to two advisers who spoke on the condition of anonymity, has become sour and dark,' the report claims, 'turning against most of his aides — even his son- in- law, Jared Kushner — and describing them in a fury as "incompetent," according to one of those advisers.'White House aides were sent into a wild frenzy on Monday night after reports emerged that Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian officials last week during a meeting in the West Wing. As news of the story broke, Sean Spicer's communications team attempted to drown out shouting with a blaring television and reporters had a surprise encounter with Trump's top national security adviser, HR Mc. Master. Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova denied reports that Trump revealed classified information to senior officials, calling the report 'yet another fake'. Trump, however, defended himself against an onslaught of criticism following the report on Twitter Tuesday morning. Ivanka carried her smile all the way to the SUV that was waiting on the curb for her Ivanka's husband Jared Kushner, 3. Wednesday morning despite reports that President Donald Trump has turned on him amid growing White House controversy 'As President I wanted to share with Russia (at an openly scheduled W. H. meeting) which I have the absolute right to do, facts pertaining to terrorism and airline flight safety. 'Humanitarian reasons, plus I want Russia to greatly step up their fight against ISIS & terrorism,' Trump tweeted. Later that night, the New York Times reported that the president asked fired FBI director James Comey to stop investigating former national security adviser Michael Flynn. The White House denied the events described in the note, saying the president 'never asked Mr. Comey or anyone else to end any investigation.'However, several political figures said that Trump could be edging toward impeachment. Amid Tuesday's scandal, Ivanka was photographed leaving her home in a floral dress from her eponymous collection. She had her lips pursed as she walked out of the side gate of her residence and made her way to the SUV waiting at the curb for her. Ivanka looked deep in thought, however, Jared had no problem flashing a smile towards the cameras that were outside their door before he headed to work. Caffeine - Download. Helps prevent your PC from locking or shutting down: If you have problems with your PC locking or going to sleep, caffeine will keep it awake. It works by simulating a keypress once every 5. The icon is shown above - it's the leftmost one in the task tray, and this is all you see. Double- clicking the icon empties the coffee pot (that's what the icon is) and temporarily disables the program. Double- clicking it again refills the pot, and will keep your machine awake. A 16-year-old student has collapsed and died from heart problems at school after drinking too much caffeine. Davis Cripe died when his heart fell out of rhythm at. Caffeine, free download. Helps prevent your PC from locking or shutting down. 1 screenshot along with a virus/malware test and a free download link. Caffeine is a tiny program that puts an icon in the right side of your menu bar. Click it to prevent your Mac from automatically going to sleep, dimming the screen or. · Free Download Caffeine 1.64 - Prevent your PC from activating a screen saver or locking by keeping this application running and allowing it to simul. Caffeine is licensed as Freeware for Windows (3. Caffeine 1. 6 is available to all software users as a free download (Freeware). This locking prevention software is filed under: Caffeine Download. Freeware Windows Boot Software. Portable Software. Compatibility with this locking prevention software may vary, but will generally run fine under Microsoft Windows 1. Vista and XP on either a 3. A separate x. 64 version may be available from Zhorn Software. Page maintained by Fernando Ortega. Get Free or Discounted Food with Lyft This Month. In September, Lyft has partnered with local restaurants in 1. Lyft app. Obviously, you’re not the only one benefiting from this offer; Lyft is probably hoping you use their service for your night out, and the restaurants are hoping to draw in customers who might otherwise never visit. But, if you’re planning to eat out this month anyway, why not flash your Lyft app and save a little cash. The cities that are part of this promotion include: D. C. Boston. San Francisco. San Diego. Portland. Austin. Dallas. Detroit. Philadelphia. Las Vegas. Nashville. Phoenix. 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Update: Caffeine 1.2 has been posted to include support for receiver 4.2 and above. In this post I’m announcing a new little tool from my lab for managing power. You can find out more about this offer on Lyft’s site. Caffeine. If you have problems with your PC locking or going to sleep, caffeine will keep it awake. It works by simulating a keypress once every 59 seconds, so your.This tutorial explains how to configure user permissions for files and folders in Windows 10. This can prevent any unauthorized access to files and folders. To configure your Folder Options in Windows 10, you’ll need to begin by opening up a window in File Explorer. This can be done by clicking on your computer, or just. · Solution: I too had this issue but the confusion is over the 'Homepage' setting and the 'start-up URL' setting. The homepage setting only controls what Chrome. For this the developer asks you to create an account and log-in. Your account will be made instantly so there is no need to go to your email. Log-in and click. Hi Carl First thank you I use allot your site guides Our organization moving for windows 10 we use folder redirection for appdata roaming for couple of reasons like. Locating the Google Chrome Download Folder. The default Chrome download folder location is the Downloads folder of the user profile in which the Google Chrome browser is installed. You would just simply need to replace the Your User Name segment of the file path with the name of your user profile. Navigation. VDA Virtual Machine Hardware; Windows Configuration; Install Virtual Delivery Agent 7.14.1. Citrix Desktop Helper Service ? Customer Experience. Installing and Upgrading vRealize Automation vRealize Automation Reference Architecture Initial Deployment and Configuration Recommendations. Steps to How to Configure Eclipse with Selenium Webdriver in Java how to create a new project package class in eclipse. How to add jar files. Configure Google Chrome Security settings for Business with this Chrome security guide. Prevent Auto Update and browser security settings. How to Configure Folder Options in Windows 1. There’s a lot here that’s recognizable from Window OS variants running all the way back to 9. Windows features, 1. Folder options may not have received the sexiest facelift out of everything we’ve seen in 1. OS may not immediately recognize right off the bat. General. To configure your Folder Options in Windows 1. File Explorer. This can be done by clicking on your computer, or just pulling open the Documents tab from the Start menu. Once here, click in the top left hand “File” menu, and select “Change folder and search options”. You can also get to the same window by going through the Control Panel via the Appearance and Personalization section. Once open, you’ll see the “General” tab as the first section you can make changes to. Here is where you can set features like whether each folder opens in a new window or stays in the same one, or how many clicks are required to launch a file (this can be especially helpful for people with arthritis or carpal tunnel and need to take it easy on their hands). Users can also control how much privacy they have on their account, opting to either display their recent folders in the sidebar or keep them hidden after File Explorer is closed each time. View. This is the section where you’re going to find the real meat and potatoes of the options you can shift around in your folders. All the old standards are here like the option to either show or hide vital system files, change how icons are displayed, or whether or not folder windows themselves launch individually as their own independent system processes. Unless you know you’re specifically looking for a system file that has been bugged or needs to be scanned by an antivirus program, it’s not recommended to keep this unchecked as many viruses will attempt to do a surface- level search for them when attempting to exploit an unprotected machine. Some new features fresh with the introduction of Windows 1. Sharing Wizard, and configuring which folders or libraries will appear in the File Explorer’s sidebar. Be aware that whichever folder you opened the Options panel from is the only folder that will have these rules applied to it. Apply to Folders” button in the View panel. Check out our guide to customizing Windows’ folder view settings for lots more. Search. All the settings contained in the “Search” tab control (as you might have already guessed by the name) how the File Explorer handles search inquiries, both in the File Explorer itself as well as any queries entered into the search bar found in the bottom corner of the stock. From here you can change things like how the search function responds to requests when a user is looking for non- indexed system files, to whether or not the contents of zipped or compressed folders are included as a part of non- indexed searches. Another box you might want to check if you’re tired of seeing Windows go digging and come up empty handed is to “Always search file names and contents” with every search. This can add a considerable amount of time it takes to find a given file each time you punch in a new scavenger hunt for it to go on, but if you bury things in unknown places or just prefer to keep them as organized as possible, this should be kept on at all times. Windows 1. 0 does a good job of both making changes where they needed to be made, while also not letting the new brand drive them to fix anything that wasn’t broken in the first place. Folder Options is a solid, reliable tool you can use to customize how your files are displayed, what your system can see, and how internal searches are processed. |
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